Here is a list of commonly-used medical terms that will help you better understand the INVOS® System and how it works.
Arterial Blood (supply-side)
Blood whose hemoglobin is oxygenated; usually between 95 and 98 percent saturation. It originates in the lungs, moves through the left ventricle, is ejected from the heart upon contraction through the aorta, and into the peripheral vascular system.
Artery
A vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricles of the heart to all parts of the body.
Baseline
The initial value used for comparison with subsequent values. This is used to indicate regional oxygen saturation of blood (rSO2) at the outset of monitoring so changes over time may be assessed.
Blood Pressure
A systemic (whole body) measure of the pressure of blood against the walls of any blood vessel. Studies have shown that blood pressure can remain within normal range even if site-specific damage is occurring.
Brain Oxygen Imbalance
When blood supplied to the brain is insufficient to meet demand. Brain oxygen imbalances can be caused by several factors, including changes in oxygen saturation in the arteries, blood flow to the brain, hemoglobin concentration and oxygen consumption by the brain.
Bypass
A shunt or replacement vessel which provides passage of blood around a blockage or diseased organ.
Capillaries
The smallest vessels in the vascular system that connect the arteries with the veins, thus representing a mix of arterial (supply-side/oxygenated) and venous (demand-side/de-oxygenated) blood.
Carotid
(Right or Left) The principle supply vessels of blood to the head and neck. Each divides into the internal and external carotids at the top of the neck.
Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
The surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid artery.
Cerebral
Pertaining to the cerebellum or the brain.
Cerebral Oximetry
Noninvasive measurement of changes in blood oxygen saturation in the brain via sensors applied to the forehead.
Circle of Willis
A circular arrangement of blood vessels at the base of the brain that allows flow between the left and right internal carotids and the basilar artery. It consists of the left and right posterior cerebral artery, the left and right posterior communicating artery, the left and right anterior cerebral artery and the anterior communicating artery.
Clinical
Concerned with or based on actual medical observation and treatment of disease in patients rather than experimentation or theory.
Cognitive Decline
A decline in memory or cognitive function that can develop naturally with aging; but it is also a common complication after cardiac surgery due to causes such as impaired blood flow to the brain and/or inflammation.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
CABG surgery is one of the most commonly performed major operations. It is a form of bypass surgery that can create new routes around narrowed and blocked coronary arteries, permitting increased blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. The bypass graft for a CABG can be a vein from the leg or an inner chest-wall artery.
Desaturation
Refers to a patient's blood oxygenation values decreasing below desired levels.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A procedure that records the brain's continuous electrical activity by means of electrodes attached to the scalp. It does not measure blood oxygenation.
FDA-Cleared
A medical device that can be marketed in the U.S. because it has been reviewed and found substantially equivalent to another legally marketed device by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Hemodynamic
Pertaining to the forces involved in the circulation of the blood.
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide and gives blood its red color. The brighter red the color, the more oxygen it is carrying. The darker or bluer the blood, the less oxygen it is carrying.
Hypoperfusion
Decreased blood flow through an organ, as in hypovolemic shock; if prolonged, it may result in permanent cellular dysfunction and death.
Hypoxemia
Insufficient oxygenation of the blood.
Hypoxia
Insufficiency of oxygen in a tissue.
Infrared Light
Thermal radiation of wavelength greater than that of the red end of the spectrum, between the red waves and the radio waves.
INVOS®
IN-Vivo Optical Spectroscopy is the name of the patented technology that Somanetics uses in the operation of the INVOS® Cerebral/Somatic Oximeter.
INVOS® System
IN-Vivo Optical Spectroscopy; a near-infrared light-based technology that's used to noninvasively measure site-specific changes in blood oxygen saturation levels in the brain and body.
Intervention
In relation to the INVOS® System, an intervention is an act or series of acts to correct the level of blood oxygen saturation in a patient's brain or elsewhere in the body.
IN-Vivo
Outside the body, usually in a lab setting.
Ischemia
A decrease in the blood supply to an organ or body tissue or part; potentially resulting in temporary or permanent damage to the organ or body due to oxygen deprivation.
Ischemic
Local deficiency of blood supply produced by vasoconstriction or local obstacles to the arterial flow.
Major Organ Morbidity or Mortality (MOMM)
Major organ morbidity or mortality is defined by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons as a cumulative score of: death within 30 days; permanent stroke; more than 48 hours on ventilation; mediastinitis (deep sternal infection); renal failure requiring dialysis; and the need to re-operate for any reason.
Morbidity
The condition of being diseased or morbid (e.g. heart disease, diabetes). Also the sick rate; the ratio of sick to well persons in a community.
NIRS
Near-infrared spectroscopy, such as that used in finger pulse oximetry, has been used and trusted for decades in the world of medicine. Several characteristics contribute to its popularity and broad use in medicine, including its noninvasive nature, reliability and safety.
Oximetry
Noninvasive measurement and display of oxygen saturation levels in the blood through an oximeter, such as the INVOS® System.
OxyAlert™ NIRSensor
A disposable, self-contained, medical-grade sensor designed for cerebral and somatic oximetry in infant and neonatal patients. The OxyAlert™™ NIRSensor detects optical data from the patient, converts the data to electrical signals and sends them back to the INVOS® System where they are displayed as a regional oxygen saturation value called rSO2. Designed with a gentle, hypoallergenic, hydrocolloid adhesive, they are applied to the patient's forehead or body.
Oxygen Saturation
The percentage of total hemoglobin contained in a given amount of blood which is combined (saturated) with oxygen, called O2 saturation; can be venous or arterial.
Perfusion
The act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid, such as blood, through the vessels of a specific organ.
Pulmonary Artery
The artery that carries the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Pulse Oximetry
A noninvasive way to measure the systemic (whole body) oxygen saturation of arterial (supply-side) blood. Studies have shown that whole-body oxygen levels can remain within a normal range even if site-specific damage is occurring.
Real-time
The capability to relate information at the same time it is happening.
Renal
Relating to or involving the kidneys.
Renal Failure
Also known as kidney failure, it is the inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance.
rSO2
Regional oxygen saturation: a vital sign generated by the INVOS® System that provides site-specific blood oxygen reading(s).
Seizure
A change in function related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain; seizures are just one of the risks associated with cardiac surgery, particularly in the very young and old.
Shock
A critical condition brought on by a sudden drop in blood flow through the body; failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate blood flow. This sharply curtails the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs.
SomaSensor®
A disposable, self-contained, medical grade sensor designed for cerebral and somatic oximetry in adult and pediatric patients. The SomaSensor detects optical data from the patient, converts the data to electrical signals and sends them back to the INVOS® System where they are displayed as a regional oxygen saturation value called rSO2. Designed with medical-grade, hypoallergenic patient adhesive, SomaSensors can be applied to the patient's forehead and body.
Somatic
Pertaining to the body.
Somatic Oximetry
Noninvasive measurement of changes in blood oxygen saturation in site-specific body tissues, other than the brain, via sensors applied to the body.
SpO2
Arterial oxygen saturation as measured by a pulse oximeter.
Stroke
A blockage or hemorrhage of a blood vessel leading to the brain or in the brain, causing inadequate oxygen supply. Weakness, paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, neuro damage or death may take place with stroke.
Systemic
Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.
Threshold
A numeric value specified as the level beyond which a physiological change or effect begins to be produced.
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD)
A noninvasive method that is used to assess blood-flow velocity in intracranial vessels. It does not measure blood oxygenation.
Venous Blood (demand-side)
The blood carried back to the heart by the veins, after oxygen has been extracted by the tissues.
Vital Sign
An indication that one is alive; an indicator of a person's general physical condition. Commonly known and used vital signs are temperature, pulse, blood pressure, urine analysis and lab tests.
Medical information came from the following sources: Dorland's Medical Dictionary, Healthline.com, Dictionary.com, FreeDictionary.com, MedicineNet.com, and the U.S. Renal Data System.
|
